Discuss the ways in which Shakespeare reveals Juliets feelings in her soliloquy in Act 4, Scene 3 Essay Example

Talk about the manners by which Shakespeare uncovers Juliets sentiments in her speech in Act 4, Scene 3 Essay Example Talk about the manners by which Shakespeare uncovers Juliets sentiments in her speech in Act 4, Scene 3 Paper Talk about the manners by which Shakespeare uncovers Juliets sentiments in her speech in Act 4, Scene 3 Paper In Act 4, Scene 3, Juliet gets ready to drink the elixir given to her by monk Laurence. Prior to drinking, she says a monologue wherein gives us her dread, depression and stresses. Her emotions are appeared to us adequately because of Shakespeares utilization of language and imagery.The seclusion of Juliet is obviously stressed toward the start of her monologue. This is finished by the manner in which she needs to get back to her Nurse. Sick get back to them again to comfort me: We comprehend the dejection and dread she encounters. Theres nobody she can trust, not even her Nurse.We can likewise feel Juliets questions crawling out. Imagine a scenario in which it be a toxic substance. Imagine a scenario in which this blend don't work by any stretch of the imagination. She is anxious about the possibility that that the minister may have given her toxic substance in order to cover his own disrespect in having hitched her and Romeo. Shakespeare effectively plants the questions here by uti lizing words to make Juliet appear to be terrified and befuddled. Juliets questions in drinking the mixture reflect that of Romeos in the coming scene, when he purchases the toxin from the apothecary.Juliet is likewise apprehensive with what could turn out badly with the arrangement. Her fear is communicated by the incessant utilization of fierce and grim language like wicked Tybalt and play with my progenitors joints. These are likewise symbolism, which shows the ghastliness of what could occur. The mouth symbolism is additionally utilized her as she depicts the vault as having an obscene behavior where no healthsome breath takes in. The symbolism enhances the dread and dread she has. Likewise, amusingly, she stresses over what might occur in the event that she stirs too soon however not what might occur on the off chance that she stirs past the point of no return, which is actually what happens.Juliets fearlessness is communicated by her readiness to take the mixture regardless of her feelings of trepidation and stresses. This is because of the adoration she has for Romeo. She has avoided potential risk of get her blade with her case the mixture doesn't work. She unmistakably plans to complete her undermined self destruction if essential and tragically, this is actually what she does in the tomb.Shakespeare effectively passes on the feelings that Juliet encounters, through her monologue. Her dread, forlornness, stresses and fearlessness is plainly communicated to the crowd by the utilization of symbolism and the astute utilization of words. A lot of incongruity is additionally utilized in this talk and the picture of Juliet drinking the elixir as a toast to Romeo is full or incongruity and is likewise resounded later toward the finish of the play.

Daniel Keyes Controversial Novel Questions for Study

Daniel Keyes Controversial Novel Questions for Study Blossoms for Algernon is a renowned 1966 novel by Daniel Keyes. It started as a short story, which Keyes later ventured into a full novel. Blossoms for Algernon recounts to the account of a simple-minded man, Charlie Gordon, who experiences a surgery that significantly builds his IQ. Its a similar strategy that is as of now been performed effectively on a mouse named Algernon. From the start, Charlies life is improved by his extended mental limit, however he comes to acknowledge individuals he thought were his companions were deriding him. He becomes hopelessly enamored with his previous educator, Miss Kinnian, yet before long outperforms her mentally, leaving him feeling detached. When Algernons knowledge starts to decrease and he kicks the bucket, Charlie sees the destiny that anticipates him, and soon he starts to relapse too. In his last letter, Charlie asks that somebody leave blossoms on Algernons grave, which is in Charlies lawn. Here are a couple of inquiries for study and conversation of Flowers for Algernon: What is significant about the title? Is there a reference in the novel that clarifies the title?What explanation does the novel make, straightforwardly or in a roundabout way, about the treatment of the intellectually challenged?Flowers for Algernon was distributed in the mid-1960s. Are Keyes sees on mental inability and insight dated? Does he use terms to portray Charlie that are not, at this point considered appropriate?What entries could have been justification for prohibiting Flowers for Algernon (as it was a few times)?Flowers for Algernon is whats known as an epistolary novel, told in letters and correspondence. Is this a compelling method for demonstrating Charlies rise and decay? Why or why not? To whom do you think the letters and notes Charlie composes are written?Is Charlie steady in his activities? What is interesting about his situation?Consider the area and timeframe of the novel. Would transforming one or both have changed the story significantly?How are ladies depicte d in Flowers for Algernon? What might have been diverse about the story if Charlie had been a lady who experienced such a dubious medical procedure? Are the specialists who work on Charlie acting to his greatest advantage? Do you think Charlie would have proceeded with the activity on the off chance that he comprehended what a definitive result would be?Several distributers dismissed Flowers for Algernon, requesting Keyes change it with a more joyful closure, with at any rate one proposing Charlie ought to wed Alice Killian. Do you believe that would have been a delightful end to the story? How might it have influenced the honesty of the storys focal theme?What is the focal message of the novel? Is there more than one good to the tale of Charlies treatment?What does the novel propose about the association among insight and happiness?What classification do you think this novel has a place with: ​Science fiction or frightfulness? Clarify your answer. Here are some extra connects to upgrade your thankfulness and comprehension of Flowers for Algernon

Patrick Ballinger Essay

Patrick Ballinger Essay Patrick Ballinger Essay Patrick Ballinger Educator Stacey Carnes-Reyes Human science 101 20 November 2014 The three expansive sociological points of view influenced me under one significant class in my secondary school life. The program JROTC, had every one of the 3 sociological points of view, Functionalist Perspective, Conflict Perspective, and Symbolic Interactionist Perspective. We had at one point secured every one of the 3 of these viewpoints, our teacher needed us to see an alternate view on how society/things work. We would be given various assignments, on a lower grader level (let) would ask us what to do in a circumstance. Being a more seasoned cadet in JROTC we would need to watch out of our point of view and into theirs. I have an actual existence occasion that utilizes every one of the 3 viewpoints splendidly. I’ll utilize our military ball for this viewpoint, the senior class is entrusted to timetable and run the ball. That goes structure bringing in to hold the occasion to setting up the tables in a sorted out manner. We split the assignments, I was put into the gue st plan and generally the board of ball occasions. This implied I needed to see where the tables where set and where the seniors (let 4) cadets will site. The seniors will be spread out to keep more youthful cadets very. For dealing with the ball occasions was to a greater extent a very late activity, I needed to ensure everybody was here and at their place they were relegated. I was to be feed data from different panels as the weeks found some conclusion. With the goal that way I would know what’s going on and when. We approached the most recent week and about portion of the councils came to me with what they were doing. That went smooth, no season of appearances knock more than each other nothing. At that point around 2 gatherings came to me that required somebody, a similar individual, to get something at the specific time. I saw it directly as it occurred. I revealed to them one of you need to locate another time or another driver. They started contending regarding why their gathering need to change, why can’t the other one. So I bounced in and said sick drive somebodies stuff up there that morning to assist. That was the main significant hindrance of arranging it. During the ball we had our regarded services, shading monitor posted the hues, the ceremonial group did the POW MIA table function, and afterward we continued to have our theory talk. During our supposition addresses, the more youthful cadets began to talk. We prepared of this and had some Let 3 and 4 (youngsters and seniors) go up discreetly and request that they be very or we would accompany them out. After the supposition talked, the time had come to eat. The speculation would go out first and would go to a different territory to eat, while the cadets ate then around 45 minutes after the fact, the music, moving and different merriments start. There was at one point a little contention that occurred between a cadet and their date. I was approached to converse with the male cadet about what occurred while a female conversed with his date. The issue was settled close to it beginning. There were increasingly minor issues while the ball continued. The path a portion of the cadets and their dates move was taken into question. Those issues were quickly searched out and fixed by ether educators

Frédéric Moreau and the Effect of Disaffection - Literature Essay Samples

Henry James wrote of A Sentimental Education, {Flaubert} takes Frà ©dà ©ric Moreau on the threshold of life and conducts him to the extreme of maturity without apparently suspecting for a moment either our wonder or our protest Why, why him? Frà ©dà ©ric is positively too poor for his charge; and we feel with a kind of embarrassment, certainly with a kind of compassion, that it is somehow the business of a protagonist to prevent in his designer an excessive waste of faith.He spoke harshly, but with no little authority on the subject; his own The Portrait of a Lady takes Isabel Archer from this threshold to, if not quite the extreme of maturity, then to a point which serves the same novelistic purpose. As, at the end of Sentimental Education, the reader understands that Frà ©dà ©rics novelistic life, his potential to drive a narrative, (his limited potential, as James might see it), is over, so the reader is given to understand the same of Isabel at the end of Portrait. In c onsidering James evaluation of Frà ©dà ©rics worthiness as a protagonist, one cannot deny that the basis of his criticism is valid; Frà ©dà ©ric is the abject human specimen James says he is, and there are times in the novel when we do want to ask, Why him?. But we must also ask whether Flaubert was not fully conscious of his heros pathetic nature, and whether the placement of such a character at the center of his novel was not an utterly intentional, and perhaps ultimately brilliant, stroke of authorship. This question, and the comparison of two bildungsromans with two such contrasting heroes, leads to the interesting and more fundamental question of the function of a readers relationship to the protagonist in the scheme and effect of the novel.Why do these two novels, so similar in their essential dealing with the unrealized promise of youth deliver such different results upon the readers imagination? This is answered easily enough: because the reader never feels about Frà ƒ ©dà ©ric the way he does about Isabel. The question, then, becomes not only how, but to what end, do Flaubert and James present their protagonists so differently. Our introduction to Frà ©dà ©ric is disconcertingly unceremonious; A long-haired man of eighteen stands on a boat gazing into the distance, and soon, as Paris was lost to view, he heaved a deep sigh(p.15). Flaubert has already confounded certain of the readers expectations. One feels that a subject should rather more commandingly burst on to the scene; instead, Frà ©dà ©rics first expression is one of ennui he seems utterly indifferent to the novels burden of concentration.In James, our introduction to the main character is more conventional. Isabel seems from the first to do justice to the readers interest. Not only is she unexpectedly pretty(p.70), (already the readers eye is activated, riveted), but she was looking at everything, with an eye that denoted clear perception(p.70); she certainly seems wor thier of a novels scrutiny and concentration. And at the risk of over-interpretation, one cant help but note even upon her first entrance, that she has suddenly acquired a remarkable air of property(p.70) not only of Ralphs friendly dog, to which the phrase directly refers, but of the novels, and the readers, attention. We know little more of Frà ©dà ©ric than that he is bored and restless, before he has a glimpse of Madame Arnoux, and is plunged into a subdued frenzy of desire. In his reaction to this vision'(p.18), the reader senses the high drama, the unrestrained romanticism, that will be the fount of his eternal discontent. The next few pages are dotted with his melodramatic musings: He had never seen anything to compare with her(p.18); The longer he gazed at her, the more conscious he became of abysses opening up between the two of them(p.20); His world had suddenly grown bigger(p.22); She was the point of light on which all things converged(p.22). In a pattern that will become familiar, even to the point of the readers frustration, Frà ©dà ©rics explosive (but wholly internalized) emotions are inflamed only to subside into disappointed bitterness. Whats the use? he said to himself. (p.22). What is most striking, though, about this first impression of Frà ©dà ©rics internal dialogue, is that he expresses himself, even within his own mind, in platitudes. This will become the source of a major disillusionment for the reader; in the world of this novel, no-one communicates in any genuine way; characters speak to each other in dead phrases, devoid of any fire of originality and therefore largely meaningless . The readers hope that Frà ©dà ©ric, as the subject of the novel, will prove worthier of our interest than the people around him demands that he recognize, loathe, and rise above the prevalence of this banal language. if [Frà ©dà ©ric] himself can communicate with the people shown us as surrounding him this only proves him o f their kind. ; once again Flaubert confounds our expectation Frà ©dà ©rics language is just as dead as everyone elses.For all this though, Flaubert, in these opening pages, makes sure to deny the reader grounds enough to dismiss Frà ©dà ©ric as simply pathetic. Madame Moreau harbored lofty ambitions for her son.(p.23), and the reader is invited to do the same, indeed by all worldly standards, he seems to be a young man full of promise. His success at Sens College justified her confidence in him; he had carried off first prize.(p.23) It would be absurd to imply that worldly achievement should be by any means the sole basis on which to judge a protagonists merit, but the indication here of Frà ©dà ©rics potential, as he prepares to seek a life for himself, is not without importance. On the contrary, this knowledge of his supposed potential initiates our frustration as the novel progresses and we, with increasing appetite, await the end of the expository preamble, and the beginning of a story. James writes: [the book] reminds us more than anything, of a huge balloon, all of silk pieces strongly sewn together and patiently blown up, but that absolutely refuses to leave the ground . Upon Frà ©dà ©rics arrival in Paris, there begins a series of false starts; he half-heartedly throws himself down various avenues, none of which lead him anywhere. His ?momentous call'(p.30) on M. Dambreuse comes to nothing as does his brief stint at Law School and his visit to Arnoux shop to wait for [Mme. Arnoux] to appear(p.33). In a passage that is, on the novels part, undeniably self-referential, he even begins to write a novel with himself and Mme. Arnoux as the central characters; soon discouraged(p.36), he abandons it. Frà ©dà ©ric again and again expends flurries of unfocussed energy on endeavors that come to no fruition, and as Frà ©dà ©rics feeling of aimlessness'(p.36) grows, so does the readers. The best point of departure in examining the indi vidual attitudes these two writers have towards their subjects is the common ground; aside from the basic correspondence of their position on the threshold of life, there are ostensible similarities between Frà ©dà ©ric and Isabel that highlight the differences between their creators objectives and methods. Both of these young characters cherish literary visions of themselves. Frà ©dà ©ric likens Madame Arnoux to the women in romantic novels(p.22) and imagines extraordinary dangers from which he would rescue her(p.37), in the grand manner of chivalric tales. Isabel similarly sees herself as the heroine of a narrative, a character in search of its plot . It appeared to Isabel that the unpleasant had been even too absent from her knowledge, for she had gathered from her acquaintance with literature that it was often a source of interest and even of instruction.(p.87). Her vague but high expectations from the life she embarks upon when she sails for England manifest as a lust for experience, her abstract notion of which is largely drawn from books. This common compulsive self-dramatization bears very differently upon the two characters portraits. Frà ©dà ©rics romantic vision of his own life paralyses him, whereas Isabels becomes almost negligible in the presence of her over-arching superiority of mind; ultimately she is presented as driven by something more vital than the day-dreams of romantic literary fantasy, whereas, Frà ©dà ©rics poverty of consciousness renders his paralysis terminal.The second similarity between the two characters is their egotism. Madame Moreau might harbor lofty ambitions for her son(p.23), but the reader soon becomes aware that Frà ©dà ©ric harbors for himself the loftiest ambitions of all. By virtue of a self-designated superiority, he considers himself entitled to all the great things in life: He considered that the happiness which his nobility of soul deserved was slow in coming.(p.16); it seemed to him that he deserved to be loved(p.36). He speaks with an unwieldy, (and highly volatile), confidence of the treasure within him(p.29), and, when walking the crowded boulevards, his knowledge that he was worth more than these men(p.75) comforts him in his dejection.Isabel is also liable to the sin of self-esteem(p.104): she often surveyed with complacency the field of her own nature she treated herself to occasions of homage Altogether, with her meagre knowledge, her inflated ideals, her confidence at once innocent and dogmatic, her temper at once exacting and indulgent, her mixture of curiosity and fastidiousness, of vivacity and indifference, her desire to look very well and to be if possible even better, her determination to see, to try, to know, her combination of the delicate, desultory, flame-like spirit and the eager and personal creature of conditions: she would be an easy victim of scientific criticism if she were not intended to awaken on the readers part an impulse more tender and more purely expectant. (p.105)James, in presenting this information about his heroine so conditionally, (we are not to let any of it interfere with our tenderness or ?expectancy, indeed James makes this an impossibility), he establishes his role as her constant advocate; because the author is so firmly behind her, so is the reader. Flaubert, on the other hand, commits Frà ©dà ©ric to the page and washes his hands of him, abandoning him, to an unsettling degree, to the readers discrimination. This sense that Frà ©dà ©ric is without his creators total endorsement is an odd one for the reader, initiating an ever widening disparity between his own feeling of entitlement and the readers sense of his worth, and compounding the mounting uneasiness we might be feeling at his (and the novels) apparent lack of direction. It is exactly this uneasiness that James cited as the great failure of Flauberts novel. And yet, I would suggest that it is precisely this uneasiness that makes for the novels unexpected genius. In a way that was unconventional, (even radical), yet undeniably and powerfully effective, Flaubert, by engendering in us this kind of searching restlessness, initiates the reader into Frà ©dà ©rics experience. We embark upon Sentimental Education in much the same way that Frà ©dà ©ric embarks upon his life; our expectations at the threshold of the novel are confounded in the same way that Frà ©dà ©rics expectations of the world are disappointed. Moreover, we read this novel in the same way that Frà ©dà ©ric moves through life, with a kind of furious but effete over-anticipation, with the resultant disillusionment at so much wasted attention. Frà ©dà ©ric becomes for the reader what Madame Arnoux is for Frà ©dà ©ric an elusive agent of fulfillment, the figure upon whom we pin all hope for justification and meaning, and who disappoints at every turn. The afore-mentioned lack of support or mediation with which Flaubert treats his protago nist is thus not only justified, but can be seen as necessary; while the reader might feel anxious at the hands of Frà ©dà ©ric, it is imperative that the writer separate himself from his feckless hero in order to maintain his authority if we felt uneasy in the hands of Flaubert himself, the book would be a failure. Since neither Sentimental Education, nor Portrait can be said to be a failure, it remains to examine how these mutually antithetical protagonists serve the objectives of their respective creators: Flaubert want[ed] to write the moral history, or rather the sentimental history, of the men of my generation ; James conception on the other hand began with the sense of a single character, the character and aspect of a particularly engaging young woman, to which all of the usual elements of a subject were to be super-added James condemns Flauberts excessive faith in an undeserving subject, but the reader would argue that his faith was not in his subject at all, but rathe r in his subjects function within the novel, his ability to capture the disaffection of an era. James faith on the other hand is all in his heroine, and the novel becomes in a sense a means of exhibition. The result of James unwavering, (and therefore ultimately persuasive), faith in his heroine, manifesting itself throughout the novel in the richness and fine hyper-responsiveness of her mind, is that the end of Portrait, while disturbing and even heart-rending, has a redemptive note. In his essay on James 1908 revision of Portrait, Anthony J. Mazzella writes, the basis of [Isabels] anxiety is a fear that the freedom constituted by the clear conduct of her consciousness may be annihilated by sexual possession ; in having her once again, (and, we sense, for the last time), refuse Caspar Goodwood and return to her punitive life in Rome, James ensures not only the prevalence of this consciousness, but its ultimate liberation. The end of Flauberts novel, on the other hand, illicit s a palpable feeling of pervading emptiness. The reader understands that Frà ©dà ©ric has been and will remain always but a poor witness to his own life; we cannot help but discern a hollowness, a kind of bottomless despair in his last words to Deslauriers, when he looks back on an arbitrary moment from their past and declares it the happiest time [they] ever had(p.419). It is a stunning move on Flauberts part that the episode in question, the moment Frà ©dà ©ric, in his disillusioned middle years, remembers as the happiest of his life, is one that is not included in the novel; after having spent four-hundred pages with him, we are able enough to project on to the extra-textual episode the tortured humiliation the young Frà ©dà ©ric must have felt as he fled the brothel in a moment of virginal panic, a moment he now proclaims an elegiac longing for. We also know him well enough to understand that he has wasted years of his life trying to obtain a future to align with the lo ftiest of his dreams; now that he is no longer at the threshold looking forward, he has no where to cast his dreaming, idealizing eyes but back, and not just into his past, but even beyond the narrative bounds of the novel. Thus excluded from the last scene, we are in a sense abandoned to Frà ©dà ©rics fate, looking back with longing to a time that never existed. There is a way in which Sentimental Education, so utterly devoid of transcendence or redemptive spirit, chillingly effects the reader in a much deeper way, resonates in a much darker place than The Portrait of a Lady. Finally, we see that Isabel has learned what the novel had to teach her; Frà ©dà ©ric has not, and the brutal sentimental education is ours.

Essay about The Motion Picture Code of the Great Depression

The Motion Picture Code of the Great Depression During the times of the Great Depression, film was viewed as a valuable importance to people. Film during this time of distress contributed to the maintenance of the national morale of America. During this time Hollywood played a valuable part, getting over eighty million Americans to attend theaters, but soon it would become a lot harder as America continued living in the Great Depression. Everyone in America, even the most troubling of poverty families attended movies. With a movie to watch, Americans sought refuge in a fantasy world. Films during this time were a perfect distraction. Not only for audiences but also for the artist creating their work. It was extremely†¦show more content†¦Will Rogers, another famous comedic director, known for his political satire was a huge hit amongst audiences. Films such as Judge Priest, where he played a rustic politician, was a fan favorite amongst crowds. Mafia films were the type of films Hollywood continued to produce at this time. Gangster characters were characters that American citizens could compare themselves too. There was a hint of patriotism in every Gangster film that thrilled audiences. The passion to take away from the rich and give to the poor. Movies such as Little Ćeaser, Scarface and Public Enemy were all classic hits that made stars out of actors like Edward G. Robinson, James Cagney and Paul Muni. Although gangster films were a hit with the mainstream audiences, it wasnt with the Protestant and Catholic religious groups. This sparked the beginning of the new movie code, that would be introduced. In 1934 with the Movie Industry still plummeting, the Motion Picture Production code was put into action. The Code was founded in 1930 and was made to censor films and create guidelines for production studios to adhere to. The code was never carried out until 1934, when the Production Code Administration was founded. 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Even though exhibitors were given information about the films they were licensing like who starred in it, what it was about, etc. â€Å"the films were licensed without viewing the movie at the time of contracting†Read MoreGangster Films In The 1920s1281 Words   |  6 Pages reflecting the sentiments of society as the sunset on a golden age and faded into the dark night that was the Great Depression. However, it would also be during this decade that several crucial events would take place that would cause the movie gangster to take on another form. 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Evidently, the early gangster movies in the 1930s depicted the essence of having a law enforcement system. Furthermore, it painted a picture that was admired by most members of the society due to its associated wealth during the great economic depression. From the early 1920s, the HollywoodRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesbook to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of the films we watch. Starting in 1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount Pictures, over the decade of the 1920s helped to fashion Hollywood into a vertically integrated system, a set of economic innovations which was firmly in place by 1930. 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Persuasive Essay on Bullying - 1241 Words

When someone thinks of school, they think about classes, friends, and books. They think about the minor struggles of drama and studying for next week’s big test. For them, school is just school. It’s something that has just become a part of life, not good or bad. For victims of bullying, school is a living nightmare. School is harassment, and pain, and a whole series of struggles too much for the normal person to comprehend. Schools have created this image of â€Å"normal† that many people strive to fit into. But when there is someone who cannot fit in, no matter how hard they try, due to things like epilepsy or obesity, they get deemed an outsider. People don’t seem to understand the struggles of being different, so instead of being nice to†¦show more content†¦Cyberstalking includes harassment that threatens harm or is highly intimidating, often intruding upon someone’s privacy. A common type of cyberstalking is to send disturbing message s or pictures to the victim’s phone or email. Chat rooms are a very popular place for kids to meet and talk online; but they are not always innocent. The Bayside Leader says that â€Å"most victims of cyberbullying say abuse occurs in chat rooms†. The bully will engage someone in a conversation, earning trust. Then they will trick the victim into revealing information that they otherwise would not reveal. The bully will find ways to spread the secret, maybe taking a picture of the chat box or forwarding the message around. Another form of cyberbullying, as hard as it is to believe, is purposely leaving someone out. â€Å"Exclusion† is when some bullies deliberately exclude someone from an Instant Messaging group or a buddy list, to hurt his or her feelings. There are many ways to cyberbully someone; all of them hurtful and all of them affective. School is also a very common place for bullying to take place. Exclusion occurs at school as well as on the internet, and is much more prominent in classrooms. 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Chloroplast Lab Essay Example For Students

Chloroplast Lab Essay Determining Rates of Photosynthesis Through ChloroplastsIntroduction:1)Background= 2) Purpose= measure the rate of photosynthesis in chloroplasts. 3) The chloroplast will be subjected to two experimental conditions- light, and the absence of light, using a spectrophotometer to determine the amount of DPIP reduced at specific time intervals under each condition. 4) I predict the amount of DPIP reduced will vary for each condition and increase over the time intervals. I hypothesize under the light condition the amount of DPIP will drastically be reduced within each five minute time interval. However, under the dark condition the DPIP will not be reduced due to the fact that light is required for photosynthesis. 5) The rates of photosynthesis in each of these reactions will be measured by the amount of light reaching the photocell in the spectrophotometer. This data will be a percentage that represents the amount of DPIP reduced. MethodsDPIP will be used to determine the rate at which the cholorplasts are being reduced. The spectrophotometer will establish the wavelength of light that penitrats the chloroplast solution in turn determining the amount of electrons reduced. In the dark reactions, the spectrophotometer will measure the amount of light passing through a darker solution of DPIP and chloroplasts. In the light reactions, the lighter solution, caused by reduction of the chloroplasts, will allow a larger amount of light to pass through to the photocell of the spectrophotometer. Thus, the spectrophotometer will prove wheter the light or dark reactions affect the rate of photosynthesis in chloroplasts. We will also be using a reference solution made of water, phosphate buffer, and active chloroplasts. The purpose of this solution will be used to set the transmittance level for the experiment. The control solution, which is different than the reference solution, is comprised of water, phosphate buffer, an d DPIP. It will be used to prove that the three element of the solution do affect the results- it is strictly the chloroplasts that are subjected to the light/dark conditions. Requirements for Test Tube Set UpData Collected During Time IntervalsPhotosynthetic Rate for Light Reactions05101520Time IntervalsPhotosynthetic Rate for Dark Reactions05101520Time IntervalsResults:The results for the various conditions differed dramatically. As seen in the table, Data Collected During Time Interval the reference test tube remained at a trasmittance level of 100% for all five experimental tests. The control solution remained fairly constant for all five tests, but did vary slightly after the five minute time interval. In the green test tube, which contained chlorolplasts, DPIP, water, and phosphate buffer, the rate of change increased considerably with each five minute time interval (this can been noted observed in the graph labeled Photosynthetic Rate of Light Reactions.) In the final solution labeled Dark, the rate of change was minimal. Note that in the graph labeled Photosynthetic Rate for Dark Reactions the level of increase is significantly less than the increa se noted in the graph for Light Reactions.

John Paul Sartre Essays - Philosophy Of Life, Modernism,

John Paul Sartre John Paul Sartre is known as one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century. He wrote many philosophical works novels and plays. Much of his work is tied into politics. The essay Existentialism is a Humanism is just one of his many works. Existentialism is a Humanism is a political essay that was written in 1945. Its purpose was to address a small public during World War II in Nazi occupied France. This essay stressed the public not to conform. Sartre introduced a great number of philosophical concepts in Existentialism. Two of these concepts are anguish and forlornness. They are simply defined, as anguish is feeling responsible for yourself as well as others and knowing that your actions affect others and forlornness is realizing that you are alone in your decisions. These two concepts are interwoven throughout the essay and throughout many of Sartre's other works. Sartre's view of anguish and forlornness in Existentialism is a Humanism addresses his view of life and man. Sartre based his views on the basic ideas of existentialism. The idea that existence precedes essence is the central factor in the atheistic view of man. The belief that existence precedes essence states that there is no pre-existing concept of man. (2) In the existentialist view, man is what he makes of himself. They believe that man was indefinable at first; he first appears, then defines himself. (1) There are no set plans as to how a man must live. He must make his own decisions and move towards his future with no help [from the outside world. The main idea of existential is what Sartre simply stated asI am responsible for myself and for everyone else. I am creating a certain image of my own choosing. In choosing myself is choose man. (1) He is saying that man creates his own image of the self and it is different for all men. The belief that existence precedes essence directly ties into the fact that the atheistic existentialist believes that there is no god. They believe that there is no human nature and that humans are inherently free. The concept of anguish is one of Sartre's central ideas in Existentialism as a Humanism. It involves the realization that the choices and decisions a person makes not only affect the self, but they affect everyone. Anguish is getting over the selfishness that has become so prevalent in our society. A person must make decision while looking as society as a whole. Anguish is being concerned with the impact of your decisions on others. Dealing with responsibility is just one form of anguish. A person must be responsible for themselves and others. The essay Existential is a Humanism gives the example of a military officer. All leaders and military officers feel anguish. They have the responsibility to themselves as well as others. A military officer preparing to send his troops into battle must fulfill his responsibilities to himself, his superiors and his troops. He realizes that his interpretations of the orders from above directly impact the fate of his troops.(1) The fact that he continues to make decisions even faced with anguish shows that a military officer feels responsible. All leaders know this anguish, but they continue to make decisions. (1) Anguish that they feel does not dissuade their action, but on the contrary it makes them stronger, it is the very condition of their action. The anguish that a military officer feels is what makes them responsible. Sartre saw anguish as a necessary component of life. It is what makes a person aware of their choices and responsibilities. The concept of forlornness in Sartre's eyes is coming to grips with the fact that we are alone in our decision making. We have no excuses, determinism or omens, that influence our decisions. The atheistic existentialist fells that we are alone in our decision making because there is no god. They feel that the decisions we make are only up to us. Man is free to make his own choices and man is condemned in the fact that he is free. Everything is choice.(1) Knowing that you are alone in your decisions can raise some very interesting questions.

Methodology case study of Commercial Bank of Qatar

Methodology case study of Commercial Bank of Qatar This section will provide an overview of the methodology and the data collection tools used in doing the case study of Commercial Bank of Qatar in view of increasing active customer base of electronic banking services in the bank.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Methodology: case study of Commercial Bank of Qatar specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The present research is a qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of e-banking services in Qatar. It uses a descriptive survey design to investigate if employees as well as customers of the bank are comfortable with the currently used e-banking platforms and what they like or suggest having in e-banking. The findings provide a detailed analysis of the data from a given population to determine the status of e-banking. According to Dawson (2009), it is important to know the difference between qualitative and quantitative methods before research methodology starts (Research Methodology: An Introduction, n.d.).(please be noted that there is no author that is why title name is used). Qualitative research involves subjective data. Dawson (2009) mentions that qualitative research focuses on behaviour, attitude and experience through the methods like interviews. Since attitudes, behaviour and experiences are very important so this kind of research tries to get in depth feeling and opinion from the people who participate in the interviews. survey (Research Methodology: An Introduction, n.d.). Quantitative research is a pragmatic approach used for research purposes. The quantified data is captured here. It involves objective data. Collection of large data has encompassed the use of questionnaires as well as structured interviews. According to Dawson (2009), quantitative research aims to target more people and connecting with people. He further mentions that this method is much quicker than it happens in qualitative research. Both the researches need skilful, trained and experienced researchers. According to Veal (2005), the following are some traits of the qualitative approach (Research Methodology: An Introduction, n.d.): This method aims that the researcher understands the personal experiences of the participant in depth. It mainly aims at people’s understanding instead of focusing on external causes. It helps the researcher to understand the research issues form the point of view of the participants. It examines personal changes happened in a period of time. It focuses on human-interest issues Research Methodology This part of research deals with research methodology that was employed in conducting the study. It, therefore, covers the research locale, research design, target population, sample selection, research instruments, conducting, reliability of research instruments, validity of the research instruments, data collection procedures, data analysis, and reporting.Advertising Looking f or dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The research methodology that was used in the study is the combinationmixture of qualitative as well as quantitative research methods. By using this mixed methodology, the hypotheses of the research questions can be measured, determined, and analysed. The method also helped in determining the quantity and consistency of results. The method contributed in determining the satisfaction of the employees and the customers of the bank for e-banking system within the bank. The method used is a descriptive representation of the phenomenon and the collect of quantifiable data that can be statistically verified and analysed to measure the effectiveness of the whole research. Hence, the qualitative research technique was used as it was concerned with the quality of the data.or kind. This research technique uses in depth interviews for exploring the better view of t he situation. It also intends to know about the understanding of people relating to a particular subject or institution (Research Methodology: An Introduction, n.d.). Moreover, the survey provided important statistical quantitative data to compleiment and confirm the findings presented by qualitative data. Qualitative research is done with an aim to improve quality and is often considered as ‘Motivational Research’. It also focuses on people’s opinion about particular subjects or institutions (Research Methodology: An Introduction,n.d.). The statistical survey provides standardized information about the research subject. It is a well-organized way to gather information regarding the understanding of a subject by a large number of respondents. For the purpose of this study, Likert scale, a bipolar scaling method, is used to construct the questionnaire. Likert scale is used to construct questionnaires to get psychometric replies from the people. It aims at obtainin g the degree of agreement or knowing the preferences of the respondents. These scales do not use comparative techniques, but rather evaluate a single feature. The level of agreement has to be shown with the statements in an ordinal scale (Bertram, n.d.).Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Methodology: case study of Commercial Bank of Qatar specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Likert Scale is an easy to use system in the surveys. It can be in the form of self- completion questionnaires or can be given as a self-completion part of survey, administered by an interviewer (Brace, 2008). In this system, participants show their agreement on any statement by using different scales. are asked to show their degree of agreement with the given statement. Likert scale system uses five-point scale system where the respondents have to pick any one option from the given five points. Before the final distribution of the question naire, a test research was carried out. For this purpose, 10 copies of questionnaire were sent randomly through email. The aim of the pilot study was to make sure that the questionnaire is easy to understand to the participants. Then the questionnaire was sent to the sample selected for the research. The design is best suited for this study. The rationale behind the choice of the design is that it studies individuals or objects as whole units and not in parts. The design also investigates tunnel environmental conditions in depth with a view of understanding it more broadly. The purpose of the study is to study how to increase active customer base of electronic banking services in Qatar bank. the different cultural factors which are influencing UK businesses. Quantitative research methodology is used because data (perceived effectiveness) being tested in this study was through various sources which support it. The study is guided by the actual data collected from the respondents, and the purpose of the study is to analyze them. Such worldview requires the analysis of the strength of the facts and comments. This worldview entails a systematic procedure and structure in the research process because it follows a rule-bound approach, which meant that this worldview made use of surveys, content analyses, field experiments, and other assessments that will collect verifiable data (Philimore Goodson, 2004). The worldview also entails the focus on data that will reveal trends, patterns, and statistical relationships. A quantitative research methodology will also be used because the method will utilize open –ended questions as well as close questions; pre-determined approaches, and numeric data (Creswell, 2003).Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Ross (1999), the quantitative method is more frequently associated with using surveys, which entails studying a large number of subjects that is drawn from a specific population. The research design for this study will employ the use of survey questionnaires and analyzing data gathered from the respondents. The study involved the use of the questionnaires. These were prepared in advance, and the questions were reviewed to find their relevancy in the concept being investigated. The language used in the questionnaires was relativelysimple, which could moderate to be understood by the people and the procedure was understood. There were some short answers type questions too where the participants had to choose just one answer out of five options. Population and Sampling Procedure The population of interest for this study is 20 people working with different banks including Commercial Bank of Qatar. A large no of participants is used in the sample. Since this is a descriptive design, sampling is a significant process because of the need to obtain an accurate representation of the population (Heck, 2004). Instrumentation Survey questionnaires were used as the research instrument. The survey was conducted in three ways- a face to face interview, a telephonic interview and through emails. In a face to face interview, all the participants were provided with survey questionnaires in order to determine their perceived level of explaining their views on e-banking platforms and their suggestions for e-banking system. The survey instrument was based on the general type of questions related to their understanding about e-banking and its system.There were two types of questions open-ended and closed, targeting different groups from different banks. In a telephonic interview similar survey questionnaire was used. Normally telephonic interviews are avoided in the qualitative research as the reliability of data seems not to be very authentic. Also there is much probi ng required. Though the respondents feel comfortable through a telephonic interview yet, it is perceived that the quality of the data will not be very good (Novick, 2011). Two sets of the questionnaire were prepared recognizing the different levels of understanding of the situation by the employees and the customers of various banks including Commercial Bank of Qatar. Reliability The data collection method that was used needed to be clearly defined and described; in terms of the how instrument has been tested and validated by past studies (Sunderman et al., 2004). The strategy for obtaining good measures for the study involves upholding the relevance and appropriateness of the study for the data collected and the purpose of the study. Thus, the instrument section clearly defined the processes for this method, which will enable future researchers to duplicate the study. In order to uphold the reliability of this study, the participants were selected according to their various types o f nationalities. The questionnaires targeted people from different banks as per the setting of its questions. Data Collection Procedures The dissertation captured both primary and secondary data to get proper answers of the research questions. For this study in depth interview was chosen as data collection method. The questionnaire was used for in depth interview. The survey took place at the participants’ work place so they could feel relaxed and comfortable and could answer the questions with their full thoughts, experiences and feelings. According to Kinnear and Taylor (1979), â€Å"In-depth interviews may be defined as an unstructured personal interview which uses extensive probing to get a single respondent to talk freely and to express detailed beliefs and feelings on a topic with little directional influence from the researcher† (as cited in Research Methodology: An Introduction, n.d.). Each participant was asked 4 open ended and 6 close ended questions. Every q uestion was explained by the researcher to make sure that the respondent understood the question and was comfortable to answer. This survey lasted for half an hour. Primary data is composed through direct practice. First the researcher gets some insight of the issue by collecting secondary data then primary research is conducted. This process involves many forms such as questionnaires, direct observation and telephonic interviews. Secondary data is an available data and it is collected by others. Secondary data is time saving which one could spend while collecting data. It gives bigger and better data. If any researcher could try to collect on their own, it could be expensive for him. The main advantage of using secondary data is that it is obvious that background work like literature reviews, any case studies etc have already been done. Uses of texts and other statistics have been done and personal contacts have been consumed. On the other hand, there are some drawbacks to the fact that the researcher is not able to check the data face-to-face so it is difficult to check the reliability of the data. It was planned how to reach the people for collecting data. The locale of the study was conducted in various Qatar banks. The choice of location was based on how accessible the organisations were to the researcher based on Singleton’s (1993) argument that the ideal setting for any study should be easily accessible to the researcher. The target groups for this research were the employees as well as customers working with different banks. A sample that is fully representative of attitude and views of people that use e-banking was selected. Sampling is a technique used by researchers to gather information. It involves selecting individuals or objects from a population or a group for study. The main research instruments to be used in this study were questionnaires. In this case, three sets of questionnaires were prepared for the target groups. These questions t argeted many employees and customers of different banks. After making the survey questionnaire, some people were approached directly but some people of any particular companies were approached through their banks’ administration department which would receive the questionnaire. The test-retest method was used when one bank was selected. Printed copies of the questionnaire were distributed later. The questionnaire was given to the respondents to fill for a later scoring. The participants were given sufficient time to complete the questionnaire. After one week, the same questionnaire was given to the group for scoring. Ethic Issues The qualitative research has different ethical problem in comparison to quantitative research. The ethical conflict occurs in connection to how a researcher approaches a group and what kind of effect he may have on the participants. The main focal point of qualitative research is to define, explore and examine people their likely atmosphere. Responde nts were made aware of the purpose of the study, the researchers agreed not to reveal the identities of the participants and not to disclose their personal information for ethical reasons. All the respondents were made sure that their views on any questions would be kept confidential. This was to win their trust so the quality of data could be good. A particular time frame of the survey was decided and it was determined that interview time would not exceed from the set time and the respondents would not be stressed except they themselves wanted time for answering questions. Primary Research Findings This dissertation presents the finding of the primary research. The primary research was conducted by making questionnaires and those questionnaires were distributed among 20 participants. The participants were divided in two groups. This division was based according to their availability as an employee and as a customer of the bank. The survey was conducted among 10 people through their administrative department and also by sending them mails. Rest other people were interviewed through telephone and personally. This research was carried out to collect data. Different questions were formed to know the answers from different groups to identify if they were satisfied with e-banking system of their banks. Each participant was explained clearly each and every question. The results of the interview are shown below: While asking about the authentication techniques utilized for e-banking in the bank, some employees responded that banking activities are more sensitive than any other internet activities so advanced security standards are required. Normally there are two factors of authentication: The user know which could be his password, PIN or pass phrase The user has that could be his smart card or if he has any hardware token. The most common method is user name password but to make it more secure, the bank normally ask for OTP which is One Time Password. The implemen tation of the authentication is divided as follow: A certificate based approach A one-time password approach A timer based password approach A certificate-smart card based approach Some respondents mentioned about mutual authentication techniques in their banks. That focuses on the connection between the user and the bank. It actually submits the idea that two parties are authenticating each other. In online authentication processes, mutual authentication is related to website-to-user authentication. It shows that the user is using a valid banking website. In mutual authentication the customer is asked some questions and he chooses an image, its title and a text phrase from some collections of images. These images are provided by the bank when the customer enrols himself with that bank’s website. After first login the customer has the option of replacing the image from the one he chose at the time of enrolment. When the customer enters login id and password the site asks so me questions arbitrarily and after getting the answers, it shows image, title and phrase. If the image shown is right, the customer can log in. If the image shown is not right, the customer does not log in and customer can contact the bank. This is a good way to know for the customer whether the bank site is genuine or fake. This technique between the customer and server is called mutual authentication and it helps in capturing the phishing cases. Such images are one of the authentication features which can be provided for website authentication. These images actually stop the use of the website of the bank in an unauthorized way and protect the customers from being the victim of any fishing activity. These images can be saved in three different ways: Images saved at the client side Images saved at server side Images can be separated in two ways- saving some at server side and some at client side and then mixing them by using visual cryptography While asking about security measure s taken by the their banks, some employees answered that first of all, while logging in the Online Banking Service, a secure session is specified by the URL http//.. Also, Secure Sockets Layer Encryption Technology is used to encrypt personal information before the customer leaves his computer. ATM card no or user name and password are used to keep the data confidential. The bank suggests changing the password in every 6 weeks. For security reasons there is time out session if the site is not used for 15 minutes. The important question related to new products of the bank got quite adequate answer from the respondents. They mentioned that new services like home banking, internet banking, phone banking etc. are being integrated within the banking system. With the rapid increase of e-finance, completely innovated methods of offering financial services like internet banking and other technologies have fused in the financial systems. Such types are new services are drawing the attention of customer and the bank is generating new customers with a rapid speed. Some employees mentioned that they wanted to have better modules that have the customer register himself from A-Z without employees’ interference. While asking about the steps taken to attract generation Y customers, they mentioned that banking institutions are constantly engaged in applying diverse techniques to offer substantial services to their customers and to attract more customers to the bank which especially includes generation Y customers. It is vital to consider the generational differences in the process of planning new products. The primary focus of the present day financial market is GEN-Y that lives a vibrant lifestyle upheld with basic financial products like cards, internet and mobile banking, loans etc. Unlike Generation X, they are not keen on investment or retirement products. Therefore, products should be designed according to their personality, mind-set and standard of living. They f urther mentioned that Gen Y’ers are most occupied with mobile banking. Hence, it is important to develop a mobile strategy enabling them to have different options for paying with the smart phone such as making payments by text, through the browser and the mobile app and at the time of sale. While asking about the benefits of e- banking to some consumers, they mentioned that electronic banking has been effective in transforming the lives of consumers and changing their expectations. Their life has become easier in terms of dealing with banks. The customers do not have to go the bank and wait in a queue. They can easily get money through ATM machines. Though majority of customers are looking for enhancing the electronic banking services and have it more interactive. While asking the customers of the bank about precise services of their banks, they mentioned that, they have the facility of opening accounts online or on mobile and can easily send money from one place to another. They have up-to-date customer services. The customers showed their satisfaction for the security measures taken by their banks in e-banking. They believed that their accounts were safe with the bank. While asking about the difference between e-banking and traditional banking cost, the customer said that the cost of e-banking was lower than traditional banking. They mentioned that e-banking is much more convenient than traditional banking. For the measures taken by their banks for improving their e-banking services, a few customers said that the financial institutions need to utilize a fundamentally innovative strategic approach to meet the distinguishing needs of the Gen Y consumers. The Gen Y is surpassing the older generation in terms of online banking convenience, confrontation with the conventional marketing and environment related considerations. Hence, it is important to visualize their requirements in view of larger market benefits. Some of the customers were aware with the i nitiative taken by a Netherland bank, which has adopted the method of mobile payments for online TV content through banks own micropayment systems called MiniTix. It enabled the users to pay by SMS or mobile Internet for online and TV content. It also offered scenario for monetization of the growing retailing prospects through Internet. These services reverberate with the Gen Y-ers. Some of them mentioned that the consumers are multi channel users so the banks should focus on creating integrated experience across channels. Banks need to produce appealing offers to magnetize Gen -Y for making them visit the branch. They should be enabled to apply and disburse premiums online. Moreover, they should be provided the facility of verifying the premium particulars on their mobiles. These advantages attained through e banking may enable the banking institutions to attain popularity among customers and innovate further in capitalizing on these channels. A few customers were aware of the newl y introduced mobile payment platform Boku, which is being well accepted e-banking service around the world. Boku allowed people to pay online with their mobile number. It minimized the efforts made in entering the long credit card numbers for every purchase on the web. The charges reflected on their mobile phone bill so these customers wanted their banks also to adopt such technology to enhance their banks’ e-banking services. The data taken on likert scale is elaborated below: The Employees Data for E-banking Service The above mentioned data shows that 50 percent of the employees said that using mobiles as contact-less payment instruments for executing small transactions is a good practice by banks. 40 percent of the employees showed their appreciation towards the facilities such as online funds transfers, online updates of stock prices and trading in stocks online. 10 percent of the employees showed their appreciation towards the technique of opening an account with the ba nk using their mobile phone or phone camera. 15 percent of the employees got agreed that using social media to brand the banks is a successful technique. The Consumer Data for E-banking Service The above mentioned data shows that 59 percent of the consumers said that using mobiles as contact-less payment instruments for executing small transactions is a good practice by banks. 23 percent of the customers were satisfied with the services like transfer of funds while travelling. They confirmed that it is very useful to know the stock prices online. 9 percent of the consumers found it interesting to open a bank account with the help of their mobile phone. 10 percent of the customers got agreed that using social media to brand the banks is a successful technique. References Research Methodology: An Introduction, n. d, newagepublishers.com/samplechapter/000896.pdf Bertram, D, n. d,‘Likert Scales†¦are the meaning of life’, CPSC 681 – Topic Report, http://poincare .matf.bg.ac.rs/~kristina/topic-dane-likert.pdf Brace, I, 2008, Questionnaire Design: How to Plan, Structure and Write Survey Material for Effective Market Research,2 edn., Kogan Page Publishers, United States Phillimore, J. Goodson, L. 2004 Progress in qualitative research in tourism:  Epistemology, ontology and methodology in Qualitative Research in Tourism: Ontologies, Routledge, New York, http://books.google.co.in/books?id=3WGBAgAAQBAJpg=PA21lpg=PA21dq=Progress+in+qualitative+research+in+tourism:+Epistemology,+ontology+and+methodology+in+Qualitative+Research+in+Tourism:+Ontologiessource=blots=-zd9Gk_iNasig=x-_JZG07gqLV2UkcmFfUhVEqcCYhl=ensa=Xei=WFA1U8HeDuGkigfY4oDQAgved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepageq=Progress%20in%20qualitative%20research%20in%20tourism%3A%20Epistemology%2C%20ontology%20and%20methodology%20in%20Qualitative%20Research%20in%20Tourism%3A%20Ontologiesf=false Creswell, J.W, 2003 ‘Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches.’ Thousa nd Oaks, CA: Sage Publications E-banking to sweep Middle East, 2002, ameinfo.com/blog/real-estateproperty-management/ebank/e-banking-to-sweep-middle-east/

Exposition universelle of 1889 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exposition universelle of 1889 - Essay Example Nonetheless, the period had a significant effect on the natural sciences, education, and historiography. Also, this period is presumed to have complex and considerable impact on politics. It is associated with radicalism and liberalism and later on nationalism (Breckman 10). This paper will look at the Romantic era or Romanticism and compare a painting and a musical work. The Romantic era authenticates tough emotions as a genuine basis of aesthetic understanding, putting emphasis on emotions, for example, awe, horror and terror, and apprehension. This is especially that which is encountered in tackling the sublimity of wild nature and its charming features, both current aesthetic groups. This period progresses ancient custom and folk art to something gracious. Moreover, the Romantic era makes spontaneity an attractive feature and advocates for a natural performance of human beings activities as habituated by natural processes in the context of customary usage and language. The Ration al era reaches past the classicist and rational ultimate models to raise a revitalized element of art and narrative and medievalism presumed to be realistically medieval in an effort to get away from the boundaries of industrialism, urban sprawl, and population growth (Breckman 19). This period also tries to embrace the distant, unfamiliar, and exotic in forms more genuine than Rococochinoiserie, utilizing the power of the imagination to escape and to envision. Painting The Romantic era first appears in landscape painting, in the visual arts. One of the most prominent artists of the Roman era is the pioneer of The Hudson River School, Thomas Cole, from America (Powell 6). This school concentrates on developing landscapes of the United States continent in a pastoral location where human beings are perceived to be connected with their land. These artists appreciate the diversity and beauty of the American landscape as coming from God’s grace. Moreover, these artists’ wor ks establish a visual depiction of the thoughts of American transcendentalism. The painting of focus is The Course of Empire. This is a painting containing five pieces. This painting is one of the most recognized paintings of Thomas Cole. The Course of Empire shows the artist is trying to argue against religion that is not concurring with nature. The painting was developed between 1833 and 1836. The five sizeable paintings are a symbol of an unreal realm and its process from creation to destruction and revival. Thomas Cole illustrates the whole painting series because of the exclusive landscapes that act as the location and subject of each empire stage (Powell 13). The painting can also be presumed to be representing the five stages of civilization. This society builds to magnificence and then crumbles. The paintings highlight the Romantic worry that the progress of contemporary life is intruding on the peaceful life of the past and will end up weakening the structure of civilizatio n. The Savage State This is the first painting. It depicts the valley from the shore adjacent to the crag. It is a dawning stormy day with a dim light. There is a hunter dressed in skins, he is in a hurry, and he is hunting a deer. There are also canoes moving up river. On the shore, there is a fire surrounded by a cluster of wigwams (Powell 18). This is a visual reference of Native American living. The Arcadian In this painting, the sky is clear, and it is morning of

Law. Discussion of views Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law. Discussion of views - Essay Example Difference between law and morality Laws are sets of rules that are adopted by societies for regulating behaviour and conducts of its members. The society can be an institution or a territorial set up such as nations. Morality is on the other hand defined by ethical values that are held by a society. It is based on cultural practices of set ups such as communities and institutions. Principles of law and morality therefore interact with some similarities and differences. One of the differences between law and morality is in their sources. Gardner explains that while morality originates from a collective responsibility of a society, law is a creation of an individual or a group of specific people. He argues that law is made on purpose and is therefore objective driven. As a result, law is viewed as a creation of necessity and predetermined intentions. This distinguishes law from morality that emanates from cultural practices that have been held and approved as acceptable by a given soc iety. It can therefore be identified that while law is a consequence of circumstances that establishes the aims of formulating the laws, morality is based on a person’s conscience within his immediate society (Gardner, n.d., 1-3). A boundary between law and morality is also drawn with respect to the content of the two. If the two were similar, then they would be regulating matters in the same approach. This is however not the case because the two are sometimes in conflict. Some legal issues are not moral. At the same time, there exist moral issues that are prohibited by law. There are for instance laws that allows for gay marriages and slavery. In the context of morality, gay marriage and slavery are unacceptable to human sanctity aspects. Similarly, the approach to implementation of law and morality are different. While law relies on the punitive consequences for disobedience for its enforcement, morality is adopted as a culture by its subjects and does not attract a punishm ent for disobedience (Wku, 2001, p. 1). Cane agrees with these opinions that morality is a concept that exist within a society and is to be identified with, while law is created by people and must be obeyed. An act can therefore be immoral and yet legal (Cane, 2002, p. 12, 13). Difference between criminal and civil law There are also a number of differences between criminal law and civil law. The differences range from their scope to procedures that are involved in litigation. While criminal law defines offenses against a society as a whole, civil law defines wrongs committed by an individual against another individual. A criminal wrong has a wider scope and has a potential of affecting the public at large. An example of a criminal wrong is public nuisance such as emission of a poisonous air pollutant in to the atmosphere. This has a potential of affecting every individual who is within the pollutant’s vicinity. A wrong under civil law on the other hand affect a specific pers on. Private nuisance such as throwing objects into a person’s piece of land causes damage to the specific landowner or specific peoples who have right over ownership or usage of the infringed piece of land. No individual person can therefore claim compensation in a criminal case (Overbeck and Belmas, 2011, p. 19; Elias, 2009, p. 51-54). Another difference between criminal law and civil law is with respect to parties to the subject case. While parties in a civil case are the plaintiff and the defendant, parties to a criminal case are the suspect or suspects and the state, represented by a prosecutor. The prosecutor, who may initiate the case or take it over from a private individual, presents a criminal case in court. Private individuals, the

Lufthansa Austrian Airlines Takeover Essay Example for Free

Lufthansa Austrian Airlines Takeover Essay Taking a brief look on the economic development in Europe up to the year 2008 reveals high GDP growth rates and reminds us about the times of prosperity that we almost all so nostalgically recall. But Austrian Airlines have never seen any boom in revenues, profits and the number of transported passengers. This alone is a reason for big concern as airlines have never been a counter-cyclical business. If the company is unable to sustain itself in the times of prosperity what loss will they carry in the books in the times of economic downswing? Finding a powerful strategic partner seems like inevitable for the Austrian company. In 2008 Austrian Airlines was the 11th biggest airlines in Europe with 10,7 million passengers and 2,5â‚ ¬ billion in revenues. On the other side Lufthansa has 7 times more passengers and makes 10 times more money in revenues. Putting these two categories into relation shows how company? s size creates numerous benefits, particularly financial ones. In 2008 Austrian Airlines had revenue of 233â‚ ¬ per passenger while Lufthansa attained 357â‚ ¬ per passenger. Now it is obvious how size matters and that synergies create great cost-cutting potential and increase profitability. If Lufthansa manages to bring Austrian Airlines to its own level of profitability they would have EBIT of 140â‚ ¬ million if the expenses and passenger number stay on 2008 levels. Not to mention the strategic benefits of this acquisition, and probable Lufthansa? s ability to make use of synergy effects i. e. to cut costs and sell even more flight tickets thanks to wide-spread sales offices all over the world. Acquiring Austrian Airlines proves as lucrative for a Lufthansa if they transform the company and as a good deal for current shareholders who can count on even more losses if Austrian Airlines decide to pursue stand-alone strategy which means that they will eventually lose all the capital they put up . This simple analysis show why did consolidation wave in airlines industry pick up on speed. It really seems that main task for carriers is to get big as fast as they can or to face with a demise of their business. Immediate recapitalization of Austrian Airlines in the amount of 500â‚ ¬ million just supports above statement as even the biggest European airline would be unable to cover such a huge accumulated loss if it weren? t for the help of the Austrian government and the European Union. Lufthansa plans to take advantage of the Austrian Airlines? geographic location and their know-how and expertise in CEE and Middle East. After the fall of communism in Europe Austria has played a crucial role as a gateway to Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Austrian Airlines took its business one step further and established new core market in the Middle East. For an international company like Lufthansa Austrian Airlines represents a cornerstone in the expansion towards Middle Eastern and Asian markets. Austrian Airlines is a first mover in CEE and Middle East and a market leader with 61 destinations in the region whose expertise in the Eastern markets will be of a great use ones Lufthansa decides to go East more aggressively as Austrian Airlines will share their core competence with the group. Cutting overlapping flights and optimization of its joint offer and sales activities will improve Austrian Airlines business activity right away. Further developing of Austrian? s successful hub system at Vienna airport will also bring positive effects in the long run. Since Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines are old partners within the framework of the Star Alliance and they know each other very well integration in the Lufthansa Group should play out without major obstacles. Companies cooperated within the context of a bilateral joint venture for Austrian-German flight traffic as well as in the important foreign markets of Switzerland and Brussels. Even their technical services have been cooperating closely and that is also one of the reasons why Austrian executives have trust in Lufthansa and why did they choose exactly Lufthansa among 12 initial bidders. Companies expect to be able to exploit extensive synergies and assess these to amount to 40â‚ ¬ million in cost savings and additional revenues. Apart from all this, Lufthansa has assured Austrian Airlines that they will be granted extensive autonomy within the group and that they will preserve their Austrian identity which stands for quality and Austrian hospitality. Vienna will remain the hub of all flight operations, so that Austria will continue to feature very good international flight connections. Its central position in the heart of Europe made it easier for Lufthansa to grant them autonomy. No major downsizing of the fleet is planned which would be unthinkable if they wanted to pursue stand-alone strategy. On an organizational level, Austrian Airlines will operate as a profit center within the Lufthansa Group what represents a great incentive to get out of the red once and for all. As a part of Lufthansa Group Austrian Airlines will easier protect its position on the market if the recession hits the economy in 2009 because smaller carriers which are not supported by a strong corporate parent will struggle with insufficient resources and declining passenger numbers. As it will soon become apparent, Austrian Airlines shareholders, especially Republic of Austria, will sign a great deal if transaction proceeds. Keeping independence among the group, operating under its distinguishing identity while improving quality and profitability of its services sounds almost incredible for the company which could declare bankruptcy if it weren? t for its strategic partner. Considering current situation both sides could profit from the transaction. Moreover, the integration in the Lufthansa Group will provide Austrian Airlines with access to new passenger flows and enable them to more effectively build up international brand awareness and be Austrian ambassador all over the world which will strengthen their business model. Lufthansa? s worldwide presence, their size, lobbying power and relationship with gasoline sellers will be of great help to Austrian Airlines. In the light of the bleak economic prospect for 2009 Austrian Airlines can focus on their core business knowing that Lufthansa watches their back. This strategy could work well as Austrian Airlines received numerous awards in 2008 including the so-called â€Å"Oscars† of the industry and a first place ranking as the best airline in Europe according to a survey carried out by â€Å"Capital† magazine. Austrian Airlines have a reliability rate of over 99. % and is among top five most punctual carriers in Europe and could improve Lufthansa? s business model too by sharing their expertise. A fully restructured Austrian Airlines will be forced to become a thriving member of the Lufthansa Group once the company is aware that the Republic of Austria will not back them up if anything goes down the drain. Concerning a history of mutual cooperation between Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines executives in charge need to be particularly careful to avoid accusations of conflicting self-interest as these may arise due to close ties between two companies. Since there were 11 other bidders at the start and Lufthansa was chosen in the end both parties need to be adequately informed about all facts relevant to this transaction so that they can clearly explain why is this transaction undisputedly the best possible solution for both sides. Considering that Lufthansa is taking over a company which made huge losses in the past years and whose balance sheet reveals equity ratio of just 11% (which is appalling even for a bank) strategic rationale needs to be explained clearly and concisely together with all future advantages because otherwise someone could think acquisition is completely irrational. Even after the restructuring aid Austrian Airlines will remain highly indebted and Lufthansa? s executives have to justify their reasoning by outlining benefits. Transaction Overview After signing initial agreements (CA;LOI) which provide a foundation for any further steps, Framework Agreement is often cited in the underlying Voluntary Public Offer. Basic arrangements between parties should be outlined in the letter of intent and then once more stipulated in the Framework Agreement. The underlying Voluntary Public Takeover offer stipulates conditions precedent which are to be fulfilled before closing. From that reason they all represent potential deal-breakers since there is a possibility that some of them will not be fulfilled. According to Framework Agreement an extraordinary shareholders meeting will be called just before the closing of the Share Purchase Agreement so that recapitalization can be authorized, new supervisory board appointed and articles of association amended. In order to mitigate any negative impact of information leakage on the transaction Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines had signed a confidentiality agreement. Both parties are obliged to use confidential information just for the purposes of the ongoing transaction and will not disclose any information to the third parties in order not to bring any company in an unfavorable position. Letter of intent is a second important document signed which outlines Lufthansa? intentions and give an overview of the basic transaction, purchase price, determines break-up fee and division of costs incurred as well as court under which jurisdiction any disputes will be solved. For Lufthansa it is of extreme importance to include an exclusive dealing clause so that Austrian Airlines obliges to negotiate just with Lufthansa and no one else at the time. Since Lufthansa plans to take over a company in an extremely bad shape it would be inappropriate of Austrian Airlines not to bring in all their energy and foc us to close the deal. Letter of intention needs to include details about a stake purchase and subsequent mandatory public offer. The details of the purchase price (maximum 4,49â‚ ¬ per share) should also be included i. e. the price paid for the 41,56 % of shares held by Osterreichische Industrieholding AG which includes the details on the earn-out option (under which conditions will Lufthansa pay an amount of up to 162â‚ ¬ million depending on Austrian Airlines? future economic performance and on the outperformance of the Lufthansa? s share price). It should also stipulate the conditions of the offer given to a minor shareholders so that Lufthansa holds at least 75% of the permanent voting shares (without consideration of the treasury shares) in Austrian Airlines after the end of the initial acceptance period. Lufhansa? s intention to fully take over Austrian Airlines should be clearly pointed out particularly their wish to acquire 90% of all shares so that they can launch a squeeze-out. The important conditions precedent should be included in the Letter of Intent. Approval by the competent antitrust authorities in the European Union and other countries should be right away designated as â€Å"conditio sine qua non†. Approval of the restructuring aid is also deemed as extremely important and it should be stipulated in the Letter of Intent as 500â‚ ¬ million granted by the state of Austria and the European Union are absolutely necessary to compensate for the negative shareholder value of Austrian Airlines and make Lufthansa willing to take them over. Recapitalization will also further dilute the free float shareholders making it easier for Lufthansa to launch a squeeze-out procedure. Letter of intent should also arrange who bears the break-up cost in the case of a regulatory disapproval. This is seen as one of the major risk since Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines partly operate the same lines and consolidation would lead to a further concentration of power. Considering negative financial results of the Austrian Airlines letter of intent should already include frame of the future executive structure while definitive agreement should include exact top-management structure in the Austrian Airlines which will facilitate integration in the Lufthansa group and turn around the profitability. Since Shareholders Agreement of Austrian Airlines syndicate had already dealt with issue it might be a bit cumbersome renegotiating it. Letter of intent should also state that Lufthansa has no intention whatsoever to dismantle Austrian Airlines i. e. that brand, headquarters and route network favoring Austrian national interests will be kept. Lufthansa should try to avoid the matter of employment until the very end (final agreement) so that they are not bound by pre-signed clauses once they negotiate the final contract because restructuring of the Austrian Airlines is necessary by all means. Considering that Lufthansa is the biggest European airline company it the approval of antitrust authorities will not come smoothly. Second condition precedent, approval of 500â‚ ¬ million is not deemed as problematic as this pay-out coincides with Austrian national interests to preserve a national carrier which serves its interest. (Besides it wouldn? t make almost any sense for the European Union to grant the acquisition but rejects the aid. ) Acquiring Austrian Airlines will only increase Lufthansa? s size and market power. Holding such a dominant position could incite abusing it e. g. by charging unfair prices or refusing to innovate. This horizontal agreement will put competition in an unfavorable position but on the other hand Lufthansa can argue that consolidation in the European airline industry is inevitable. However, only consolidation will ensure survival of the European airlines in the long run, fragmented market structure leaves them susceptible to either bankruptcy or takeover by Asian od American airlines who are fortunately by law not allowed to be major shareholders. Since regulation is the real obstacle to consolidation alliances in Europe prevail. Unfavorable circumstance is also the fact that at the time of this pending transaction Lufthansa bought a big chunk of Brussels Air. The regulators will certainly not like that. Like in any deal representations and warranties play an important role as they typically make up the largest part of the share purchase agreement. They have an informational, protective and supportive role in the transaction . Austrian Airline? epresentations and warranties, coupled with the Lufthansa’s due diligence, enable Lufthansa to learn as much as possible about the business prior to signing the definitive acquisition agreement. Second, they are protective. This is crucial for Lufthansa who acquires highly indebted company which value without restructuring aid is negative. The seller’s representations and warranties provide mechanism for the Lufthansa to step back or possibly to renegotiate the terms of ac quisition. The second major feature of merger the agreement is the inclusion of various pre-closing covenants, or promises to do something or not do something during the period between the signing of the acquisition agreement and the closing. Generally, covenants should be absolute and Lufthansa? s goal is that none material changes take place until the closing and that business condition does not aggravate in any respect because if such events took place it would mean that they overpaid. The reasoning behind the indemnification is the same. One should emphasize the importance of reps and warranties relating to financial statements (compliance with accounting standards) , taxes and employees (manager contracts, severance terms and compensations) and no pending litigations which breech would surely threaten the envisaged transaction. The role of all above named provisions is risk minimization and these provision should also act as an incentive for a fair dealing.

The Middle Ages Essay -- History Historical Middle Ages Essays

The Middle Ages Throughout time, history has taken some strange turns. A single ruler establishing some new form of government can transform entire civilizations, or a single event can lead to the creation of a great new people. Whatever the case, history can repeat itself in time. One possible exemption of this could be Britain’s time period of the Middle Ages. Bearing a distinct and unique culture relative to the time period, some of the values and the customs held during this time have yet to be repeated in history. It is perhaps the most unique period of all time for the British Isles. Brief History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the period of the middle ages, the British Isles mostly lay dormant in local disputes and settlements of small tribes. Up until the late 900’s, the Anglos and the Saxons laid their claim to the land of Britain. However, this all soon changed. An ambitions individual with hero-like characteristics set foot and conquered the Anglo-Saxons and started Britain on its journey to modernism. Thus, the tide was set in motion for a new government and a civilized race. A monarchy was established, and the Middle ages began in roughly 975 AD (Vinogradoff, p 18). Feudal Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Medieval Period, life was either very great or very bad, according to your class. Only 2 classes existed during this time: the nobles, such as kings and knights who lived inside the castle, or the peasants, such as working-class people who lived in often unspeakable conditions. The peasants treated the nobles with the utmost respect, for if they didn’t, then the nobles could have them beheaded. (Sanders, p 34). The nobles were almost always the ones who owned land, and the peasants worked on this land in exchange for a small portion of it, in a sense, rented out in exchange for the labor. Peasants often worked 16-hour days as long as they could see into the nighttime and got very bad nourishment. The noble was not interested in the health of the peasants working on his land, as there was a significant supply of others who were very willing to take his or her place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women had a very difficult position in society during the Middle Ages. The feudal age was known for its superstitions, and women were often convicted of witchcraft and burned at the stake. Some of the more lucky women held professions of there own, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and apothecaries.... ...een defined. Juggling became a popular form of entertainment, as it was unpredictable and seemingly deadly objects could produce awe and inspiration to the audience. Drama also played a big role during this time period, and plays were acted out only by males and only for the noble class. (McCarthy, para. 3).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perhaps the greatest and most unique time period of all time for the British Isles was the Middle Ages. The feudal system and the role of the monarchy led this seemingly boring piece of time on the path towards greatness in meaning and value. Social skills developed during this time to force humans to cooperate and work together to produce a lifestyle that was beneficial to everyone and not just a leader. Lessons have been learned from this time period, such that it is not perfect. Disputes inside a community cannot be solved easily because they often affect the whole community and there will only be one side. Perhaps there are more lessons to be learned from this time. One can only hope that the future of modern warfare could be secretly embedded in the time of the middle ages. History has a tendency to repeat itself; maybe the time has come for the middle ages.